Given the growing potential for treatment-induced disease, side effects must be treated as potential symptoms for a second diagnosis. Rigorous, differentiating confirmation must be performed, diagnosis made and “treatment” applied, the latter being significantly complicated due to ongoing treatment for the primary or initial disease. Eliminating the likelihood of treatment-induced disease in early-stage drug discovery has enormous benefits but can only become a reality if clinical indicators can be reliably converted into molecular risk factors for a specific disease. Within a broad context, translation of clinical observations into the capacities of the research laboratory comprises a wholly new biomarker discovery area.